Preventing
Prevalence of PTSD Among Children in Conflict Settings:
A Social
Cognitive Theory Approach to Targeting Armed Forces as a Means to
Ceasing
Forced Recruitment of Children in the Great Lakes Region
Health
Issue, Behavior and Priority Group
The
prevalence of malignant forms of PTSD in former child soldiers on the African
continent threatens to hamper efforts for post-conflict community
reconstruction. The only way to
effectively decrease the number of children diagnosed with malignant PTSD is to
cease the forced recruitment of children from within refugee camps,
particularly in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. The priority group for intervention implementation
is composed of those individuals who are forcefully recruiting children into
the armed forces within the Great Lakes Region refugee camps.
Summary
of the Literature on Determinants of Forced Recruitment by Armed Forces
According
to several studies, the way in which recruiting soldiers view their own
environment and situation, in addition to that of the children they are charged
with recruiting, may influence their behavior.
Four studies cited external factors in the recruiters’ environments,
such as their military comrades and political affiliation as constructs
directly affecting their recruiting behavior, (Maxted, 2003; Andvig and Gates,
2006; Singer, 2006; Lischer, 2006). In
addition, four studies also mentioned the situation, or perceived social status
within ranks and perceived importance to their community, may be able to be
influenced in such a way that soldiers no longer feel the pressure from
environmental factors to recruit children, (Maxted, 2003; Aning and McIntyre,
2005; Singer, 2006; Beber and Blattman, 2008).
Soldiers are often told that the only way to bring order to their people
is to control those who presumably do not have the capacity to thrive
independently, (Aning and McIntyre, 2005).
Soldiers are conditioned to believe that if they recruit children who
would otherwise be a menace to society, their country will benefit. This conditioning builds outcome expectations
among recruiting soldiers as to what will happen if they choose to recruit
children into the armed forces, (Aning and McIntyre, 2005; Blattman, 2007). Governments equate the benefit of the country
as a whole with the benefit of those who assisted in its protection and
support, thereby creating positive outcome expectancies for those who choose to
forcefully recruit children into the armed forces, (Aning and McIntyre,
2005).
Rationale
for Social Cognitive Theory and Analysis of Determinants
The most pervasive constructs in
discussion regarding change in recruitment behavior come from the Social
Cognitive Theory. Due to the
interpersonal nature of military culture, as well as the profound impact of
state activities on the activities of the military, the Social Cognitive Theory
is the best model by which to formulate an intervention program targeting
soldiers who recruit children for service.
Utilizing the Principle of Reciprocal Determinism, it is hypothesized
that by affecting environmental influences, such as implementing and enforcing
the international laws and rules of warfare in areas where formal conflict
exists, and by altering soldiers’ situation and outcome expectations (thereby
affecting their outcome expectancies), military units will cease forceful
recruit of children from refugee camps in the Great Lakes Region of
Africa. One recommendation for further
research would be to understand the role that self-efficacy plays in individual
soldiers’ intention to cease recruitment children from refugee camps. As self-efficacy is the single most important
construct of the Social Cognitive Theory, it is imperative that program
developers understand how best to improve soldiers’ confidence in choosing not
to recruit children. Lack of volitional
control, however, will continue to be the greatest barrier in tackling
cessation of child recruitment.
Copyright 2013 Jennifer M Kerner, M.P.H.
Please contact the author before reproducing this publication in whole or in part: jmkerner@unm.edu
Andvig, J.C. and Gates, S. (2006).
“Recruiting Children for Armed Conflict.” Keynote address at the Dutch Flemish Association for Economy and Peace.
Aning, K. and McIntyre, A. (2005).
“From Youth Rebellion to Child Abduction: The Anatomy of Recruitment in
Sierre Leone.” In Invisible Stakeholders: Children and War in Africa, Pretoria:
Institute for Security Studies.
*Beber, B. and Blattman, C. (2008).
“Rebels without a Cause: The Use of Coercion and Children in Guerrilla
Warfare.” Lecture printed by Columbia University Press.
*Blattman, C. (2007).
“The Causes of Child Soldiering: Theory and Evidence from Northern
Uganda.” Lecture printed by University of California Press.
*Lischer, S.K. (2006).
“War, Displacement, and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers.” Lecture printed by Wake Forest University Press.
Maxted, J. (2003).
“Children and Armed Conflict in Africa.”
Social Identities, 9(1):51-72.
Singer, P.W. (2006).
“The Enablers of War: Casual Factors behind the Child Soldier
Phenomenon.” The Brookings Institute.
*Transcripts
of lectures were provided following personal request. Copies of these papers are immediately available
upon request.
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